Nursing Theories Affect Nursing Practice - 1965 Words

There are several theories that have been written with the goal of providing the critical basis for understanding particular phenomenon. Nursing theories affect nursing practice in a tremendous way. Theories are a source of framework that guide and support nursing practice and can be used to provide solutions to practical problems in the nursing practice. Nursing theories can be applied to provide solutions in nursing education, health policy, nursing leadership, and nursing informatics. There are numerous problems regarding nurse-staffing leading up to less time to provide the caring and compassionate side of nursing. Jean Watson’s theory can be used to help understand the problems with nurse staffing and to help come up with solutions. Using Watson’s theory, this assignment will address problems with nurse staffing. The paper also gives a description of the core concepts of Watson theory, describes the issues of staffing problems and how leaders have utilized this the ory in order to solve the problem. This paper also provides a conclusion showing the key points learned from the assignment. Watson’s theory was introduced in 1979 and later revised in 1985 and 1988. Watson has used ten curative factors as a guide for the care in nursing. The curative factors include faith and hope, respect, love, and kindness, having sensitivity to oneself and to others, expression of positive and negative feelings, and interpersonal learning and teaching. She also believes in that; careShow MoreRelatedAssumptions. Nursing Theoretical Works Tend To Evolve Around990 Words   |  4 Pages Assumptions Nursing theoretical works tend to evolve around four metaparadigms notions. The metaparadigms are patient, environment, health and nursing practice. Nursing theory helps explain phenomena throughout nursing practice. Ideally, a nursing theory should be versatile, comprehensive and address the four nursing metaparadigms to successfully be implemented into nursing practice. Patient For this discussion, the definitive answer for being human is not limited to HomoRead MoreImportance Of Nursing Theory For Nursing Practice1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Nursing Theory Alvin McDonald Chamberlain College of Nursing NR501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice September, 2016 The Importance of Nursing Theory Nursing theory is the skeleton on which the profession and practice of nursing rests. It is a construct of concepts specific to nursing that shapes and guides nursing practice. Nursing theory can guide nursing practice by giving a particular focus to nursing practice (Algase, 2015). Nursing theory provides the foundationRead MoreThe Ultimate Goal Of Nursing Theory1698 Words   |  7 PagesTheory is defined as â€Å"rules, procedures, and assumptions used to produce a result† (Iskandarani, Al Hammadi, Al Gizani, 2012). Theories are the basic knowledge that a profession is built on and theory is the basis of the professions uniqueness (Iskandarani et al., 2012). Nursing theory is the scientific foundation of the nursing profession (). It is composed of ideas, principles, and knowledge unique to the nursing profession, which ultimately separates it from other professions (Bond et al., 2015)Read MoreMid Range Nursing Theory813 Words   |  3 Pages Q1.Discuss what a mid-range nursing theory is and provide an example of an existing mid-range theory that would be of use in your practice setting. Mid-range theories stand between the definitions of pure theory and practice, and can be defined as a set of related ideas that are focused on a limited dimension of the reality of nursing. These theories are composed of concepts and suggested relationships among the concepts that can be depicted in a model (Liehr Smith 2008: xvii). This modelRead MorePersonal Philosophy Mind Map : Florence Nightingale s Vision Of Nursing Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesvision of nursing in the mid-1800s began an evolution of nursing philosophies and theories that encouraged the progression and development of nursing knowledge, quality of care, and the advancement of nursing from a vocation to an academic discipline and profession (Alligood, 2013, pp. 3-7). As nursing knowledge and theory flourished, it became necessary to structure nursing theories into an integrated system. Jacqueline Fawcett’s proposal of four global nursing concepts â€Å"as a nursing metaparadigmRead MoreThe Caring T heory Of Nursing958 Words   |  4 Pages The Caring Theory of Nursing Oluwakemi Ajiboye Kaplan University The writer of this paper believes that caring is the basis for the decisions that nurses make in their daily practice. Health care professionals such as nurses care a lot about their clients or patients. Reflection makes nurses to care for their patients successfully while increasing their empathy for future practice. Nursing is linked to the concept of care â€Å"as nurses provide nursing care in order to help people promote andRead MoreNursing Theories Are Critical For Education1130 Words   |  5 PagesNursing theories are critical for education and practice. The theories suppose to provide a foundation for general knowledge and assist in practice. Thus, healthcare professionals, managers, and patients recognize the unique healthcare service. However, nursing theories have been mystifying and confusing to use for nursing practice. Colley, S. (2003) argued that nursing theories bewildered nurses. Nurses were difficult to understand, and difficult to apply in practice (Colley S., 2003). Even thoughRead MoreCulture Care Theory And Application1713 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Care Theory and Application Nursing theory is foundational to nursing practice; however, there exists a reciprocal relationship between practice and theory. Through examining nursing theory, the nurse can make better-informed decisions about the patient’s care. In addition, the theory will influence the care for future patients as well. One theorist that changed the landscape of nursing is Madeleine Leininger. Her culture care theory changed the dialogue of healthcare regarding care. ThisRead MoreErnestine Wiedenbach1672 Words   |  7 PagesCollege in 1922, an R.N. from Johns Hopkins Hospital school of nursing in 1925, a Master of Arts from Teachers College, Columbia Universiy in 1934, and a certificate in Nurse Midwifery from the Maternity Center Association School for NurseMidwives in New York in 1946 where she taught until 1951. In 1952, Wiedenbach joined the staff of Yale where she taught as an instructor of maternity nursing. Named an assistant professor of obstetrics nursing in 1954, and an assoc iate professor of the newly developedRead MoreApplying Theory Of A Practice Problem Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesApplying theory to a practice problem The nursing theories assist the nurses to identify the limitations of nursing and advance the development of nursing as a unique profession. The theories help to explain the role of nursing in todays health care sector. It also gives the information on the basics of nursing practice and help to create more information in various aspects of patient care. The benefits of having the theory in nursing compromise the improved patient care, therapeutic communication

Overpopulation of the World and the Problems It Creates Free Essays

Overpopulation of the World and the Problems it Creates The world is faced with growing conservation problems daily, most of which are caused by an increasing population. In order to deal with the problems of overpopulation, the world needs to consider minimizing consumption, lowering waste byproducts, and keeping a hand on land management. Consumption is the act of using resources at an uncontrolled rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Overpopulation of the World and the Problems It Creates or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is mainly the result of overpopulation. The population of the world is growing by approximately 212,970 people per day and is said to reach nine billion people by 2040 (World Population). As the population increases at this rapid rate, the demand for food, water, and shelter will also rise just as quickly. Since the demand for goods like electricity and fuels also increase, we should consider using a more conservational method to create these items by using more abundant and replaceable resources. Water is the most abundant resources on the planet. Instead of using petroleum based fuels to run cars, we should use water. Scientists have already developed hydrogen powered vehicles such as cars, busses, scooters, and tractors (NREL). Another alternative for fueling cars are crops like corn that produce ethanol. Electricity is going to one of the most demanded items as the population grows. In some places, fuels are being used to create energy. Instead, abundant resources like sunlight, wind, and water should be used to generate all the electricity that is consumed. But, even with these methods of producing a â€Å"cleaner† energy supply, the general population will have to contribute to the conservation of the energy. Some simple things that people can do is :lower thermostats, use energy efficient bulbs, use drip irrigation to water flowers and fruits, use solar energy to dry clothes, and create a compost to dispose of that waste instead of throwing it away. As the population is growing, the amount of waste that is produced from the consumption will increase at a much more rapid pace. Each person per day produces about 4. 4 pounds of waste. The majority of this waste is thrown away in the trashcan, which is set at the curb to be picked up by a diesel truck polluting the air and using energy, only to end up in a andfill. With the increase in needs of food and other items, more and more trash will result. Recycling is the best way to fix this problem and keep 95% of trash out of landfills. It is projected that Americans will throw away over 11 million tons of glass bottles and jars 1 million tons of aluminum cans and foil more than1 million tons of aluminum cans and foil, over 4 and a half million tons of paper and nearly 10 million tons of newspaper (Center). Almost all of this material could be recycled, saving millions of trees and over 100% combined energy that is used to make new products. Businesses can also play their part in recycling things such as cooking oil that could be used as fuel in a vehicle. If we do not engage in actions to clean up the present landfills and prevent future ones, we could possibly be looking at problems such as contaminated water and soil. Land management goes along side of both consumption and waste. As the population increases, more space will be needed for houses, hospitals, schools and businesses. As a result, we must make room by methods such as destroying forest and filling in lakes, rivers, and streams. To us we may only see trees and dirty, microorganism infested water, but these two ecosystem house millions of species of animals and plants that are vital to our survival on Earth. Research states that the earth was once covered by 5. 8 million to 6. 2 million square miles of forest. Today only 2. million to 3 million square miles of forest still remains (Nielsen). By destroying these bionetworks, plants and animals become endangered and maybe even extinct. As a result, this causes entire ecosystems to collapse. Without plants, animals die and without plants and animals, the human species can no longer eat or breathe, therefore, becoming extinct itself. Humans can take control of this growing problem by considering options like apartment buildings or larger skyscrapers to t hings like online schools and e-shopping. Without a doubt, the population of the world is going to continue to grow, but that does not mean that the problems dealing with consumption, waste, and land management has to also. If we could use nature made goods like sunlight, water, and wind, we could reduce the amount of energy consumed, decrease the amount of waste produced, and decrease the amount of land destroyed that is needed to serve the population. Works Cited 7 Environmental Problems that were Worse than we Thought. 3 Feb 2008. 23 Feb 2010 . Alexander, Kathleen. Tree Benefits. 23 Feb 2010 . Bureau, U. S. Census. â€Å"Global Population Growth. † 2002. 23 Feb 2010 . Center, University of Colorado Environmental. CU Environmental Center. 2008. 23 Feb 2010 . National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL – Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research. 29 Sept 2009. 24 Feb 2010. Nielsen, Ron. The Little Green Handbook: Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet. New York: Picador, 2006. Today’s Top Global Environment Issues. 23 Feb 2010 . World Population Prospects-The 2008 Revision Population Database. 2008. 24 Feb 2010 How to cite Overpopulation of the World and the Problems It Creates, Papers

Being Heard free essay sample

Being Heard Being heard Is something Important because It gives your audience a chance to see different sides of yourself. Being heard could do as little as make someone feel content or very Important. Listening to one another could be very useful In that we obtain Information, understand, listen for enjoyment and last but not least learn. In a recent article that Ive read, Talking a stranger through the night by Sherry Antihistamine, a great portion of the message that she sends out, has all to do about listening.Making someone feel heard makes him or her feel understood and a connection has been built. As a young student that I am, I have yet to learn many useful tools that my parents, peers and most importantly my professors will teach me in the near future. Through that learning journey it is their Job to listen to us students in order for them to have fulfilled their task. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Heard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What I believe I can bring to the table are many things. Personally I am very experienced In starting over having moved three times. My very first move was fromSpain to Chile, Chile to New Jersey and New Jersey to Texas. And here I am, big latexes. For all of my life I resented my parents for having to put me through all those moves but as I grew older, fonder and a tab wiser Im very thankful for everything. Many people would kill to start over or even move to a different country and my parents were able to give me that. Yes, starting over does suck but the beauty of it is that you get a chance to become a better and newer person. Meet new people and learn a new totally different type of culture than your own.One of my professors once told me that we all have a chance in going out to the world and making something of ourselves; Be a new person A new you. I am very thankful for the life that god has given to me. Even through the little bumps along the road, It makes you a stronger person right? Well I believe so. Life Is full of surprises. Every single human being In this planet has something unique to offer to the table. Not all of us are the same thats what makes every single person special. Some of us may be great at math or great at writing and some may not be DOD at those things at all.This is when we listen and learn from those who can teach us to become better. So to answer your question yes, you should listen to every single one of us. Give us a chance. Even if were wrong thats where you correct us and we then learn. Lets take Martin Luther King Jar. For example. He wrote an incredibly outstanding speech and spoke out and people took chance to believe in him but especially listen. How are people supposed to make a difference if their isnt anyone to be there to take a chance and listen.By starred Being heard is something important because it gives your audience a chance to see content or very important. Listening to one another could be very useful in that we obtain information, understand, listen for enjoyment and last but not least learn. In a recent article that Eve read, Talking a stranger through the night by Sherry Through that learning Journey it is their Job to listen to us students in order for them experienced in starting over having moved three times. My very first move was from latexs.For all of my life I resented my parents for having to put me through all everything. Many people would kill to start over or even move too different country beauty of it is that you get chance to become a better and newer person. Meet new bumps along the road, it makes you a stronger person right? Well I believe so. Life is full of surprises.

Is Dungannon at the higher end of the settlement hierarchy than Coalisland Essay Example

Is Dungannon at the higher end of the settlement hierarchy than Coalisland Essay For my geography coursework I am going to compare two towns. The two towns in which I will compare are Dungannon and Coalisland which are based in Northern Ireland. The reason as to why I am comparing these two towns is that they are in my local area. The purpose of my coursework is to find out which settlement would be higher up the settlement hierarchy. I plan to find out if Dungannon is overall a most important settlement than Coalisland. To do this I will investigate Dungannon and Coalisland by using a series of hypothesis.The settlement hierarchy is the placing of settlements in order of importance. Three ways in which find the importance of a town are:* Population size* Shops and Services* Sphere of InfluenceThere are many other ways in which you can use to find the importance of a town and I plan to investigate them by using my hypothesis.CoalislandCoalisland is a mall town in County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. It has a population size of 4917 people (in the 2001 census). The name of this town suggests that it was involved with the coal industry. This is indeed true as Coalisland had its very own coal industry as it was formerly a centre for coal mining. Coalisland was also very well known for its coalfields.Coalisland was served by a canal. It was built in 1733 and opened in 1787. The canal was mainly used to transport the goods made in Coalisland to nearby coal pits. Many goods such as clay pipes, coal and corn were produced in Coalisland. These goods were then transported to many places such as Dublin, Newry, Belfast and Lisburn. The canal became a trading depot for those who lived nearby. Coalisland had influenced many people to come and trade in it as it was doing so well within in its industries and as large quantities of general merchandise could be imported and exported with ease. The canal finally closed in 1946 as they used Lorries as a better method of transport for their goods. This was because Lorries could transport the goods much faster an d safer. In 1954 the canal was officially abandoned and had a relegated status as a drainage ditch. The closure of the canal was a huge downfall for Coalisland as it stopped all connections from trading to a lot of other industries.Coalisland railway station was opened on the 28th of July 1897 and closed for passenger traffic on the 16th of January 1956. As for the goods traffic which opened on the 5th of October, it finally closed down on the 1st of April in 1965. Today there are no remains of that railway, other than the bridge on the Derry road, an old goods shed and also grown over platforms.The education today in Coalisland is at its best. There are many schools in Coalisland. The primary schools are:* Primate Dixon* St. Johns* Gaelscoil Ui NeillGaelscoil Ui Neill is an Irish primary school. There is only one secondary school in Coalisland and it is called St. Josephs College and has been open for over 40 years.Coalisland had a good history of sport especially in football. Coal island Na Fianna is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. Dennis Taylor originated from Coalisland as well and comedian Peter Kays mother came from Coalisland also.Many things have changed in Coalisland today form when it first grew up. The canal has now been partly built over and has some shops on top. The corn mill in Coalisland is now the Local heritage centre and the coal mines are now all closed off due to the fact that coal is longer being produced in Coalisland and the town has found many other ways to keep it profitable. Coalisland now consists of many convience stores and two supermarkets. There are also many hair-dressers and clothes shops as well.Coalisland has also very good accessibility today as the roads are good to travel on. Coalisland is roughly 3miles off the M1 Motorway and is about 40miles from Belfast. Coalisland is South West of Lough Neagh and is about 5miles from Dungannon.Coalisland Corn mill 1930 Coalisland Heritage CentreCoalisland Canal in 2003Dung annonAt one stage Dungannon was the Capital of Ireland in the early 1600s due to Hugh O Neill being situated here. Dungannon is situated on top of a hill. The O Neills had built a castle on this hill as it acted as a good defence for the town. Dungannon was the main stronghold of the O Neills from the 14th Century until the Plantation of Ulster. All traces of the O Neills fort on the hill has gone but the name is recalled in The Fort Bar in Scotch street.Dungannon used to be well known for being a market town, but now all of that has changed as it is now mainly a trading town. Dungannon has a population of 12,000 people. It contains many shops and services. It also has many entertainment venues, swimming pools, cinemas, pubs and bars not like in Coalisland.Dungannon is also South West of Lough Neagh and is 5miles from Coalisland. Dungannon isnt that far away from the M1 Motorway. This has increased the trading percentage in Dungannon by a lot and has influenced other department stor es and industries to trade in here.Dungannon had at one time, a linen industry but it has now been replaced by textile industries and glassworks. There are many popular industries in and out of Dungannon. For instance Tyrone Crystal attracts a lot of tourists into Dungannon. Another industry with is situated in Dungannon is Tyrone Brick. It first produced brick form the clay made in Coalisland.Today in the town centre of Dungannon you would find many department stores and some convience stores. There are many jewellery shops, clothes shops, corner shops, hairdressers and restaurants in Dungannon. Dungannon is also the third largest town in County Tyrone.This is the Castle Ruins todayOn the following page you will see a map. It includes the location of my two study areas which are in Northern Ireland. My study areas are Dungannon and Coalisland.Aims of my CourseworkThe aim of my geography coursework is to study and investigate two local towns within Northern Ireland. These two towns are Dungannon and Coalisland. The main reason as to why I chose to study these two towns is because they are situated in my local area. I live in the town of Coalisland and it is where I go to school. Dungannon is the nearest large town where I would go to shop for clothes and other high order goods. During my piece of coursework I studied a very important topic. This topic was on settlement. In this topic you learn about settlement hierarchies i.e., some towns within a region will be of more importance due to the fact of it having a larger population and a greater number of shops and services in it. As a class we all have decided to base our investigation around the topic of settlement hierarchies and so we will compare Dungannon and Coalisland.The aim of my coursework investigation is to prove that towns with a bigger population and surface area are higher up the settlement hierarchy. These towns will also have a wider range of shops and services. Towns like these will have a bigg er sphere of influence than other towns.In order to carry out this investigation, I have developed three hypotheses to help me do so.They are as follows:1) Dungannon has a larger population and surface area than Coalisland.2) Dungannon is a more accessible shopping town than Coalisland.3) Dungannon has a larger sphere of influence than Coalisland.MethodologyDuring class, having discussed the hypothesis for this coursework, we had to decide how we were going to collect the data and information that we needed in order to prove each hypothesis.Some of the information which we need was as follows:* Area size of each town.* The distances people travelled to a shop.* If the people came to buy high order or low order goods.* Where the people lived and shopped in each of the towns.* The population figures for each town.* The method in which the people travelled.* How often people shopped for high order and low order goods.There was two main way in which I needed to collect the necessary inf ormation. The first main way was from primary sources. This is just were you personally, collect the information you need yourself in each town. The second main way was from secondary sources. This is just information you get like on the internet, which has been already collected for you. This kind of information is as what you can say as second-hand information. You can get more secondary information from libraries, local newspapers, local council, tourist information, the population census for Northern Ireland and so on.In order to gather the primary information our class decided on making a questionnaire for each of the towns. We also decided on carrying out a survey of the number of shops and services found in each of the towns.The questions are as follows:1. What is the name of the town or village where you live?This question is asked to help us find out the towns sphere of influence.Less than 1 mile1-2 miles2-5 milesMore than 5 miles2. How far did you travel to come here?This was asked in our survey to help us calculate the actual sphere of influence of each of the towns telling us how far people are willing to ravel to a town for some low order goods such as bread and milk and also high order goods like furniture and clothes.WalkCarBusOther3. How did you travel here?This question was asked because it lets us know how people travel and what ways of transport they would use most often.4. Would you come to this town to only buy or use the following services?Milk/BreadYes/NoNewspaperYes/NoClothesYes/NoShoesYes/NoFurnitureYes/NoElectrical goodsYes/NoPost OfficeYes/NoSolicitorYes/NoThis question tells you what people mostly tend to buy in each of the two towns. It tells you whether they use they town to shop for higher order or low order goods and this also shows the importance of the town.5. What are the three main goods/services you use this town for?GroceriesNewspaperPost OfficeClothesEntertainmentHousehold goodsBankingThis again shows what each of the tow ns is mostly used for and it also can tell you which town would have better shops and services.6. Have you come here today for any particular reason?Again this question tells you what each of the towns is used for helping you to find out the importance of each of the towns.Thursday the 25th of September was the day in which we decided to carry out our survey investigation. Thursday the 25th was the chosen date for when we were to carry out our investigation because Thursday was near the weekend. This meant that the town would be very busy as people would be out doing their weekly shopping and probably out sorting out their business. In Dungannon, every Thursday is a traditional flower market day, which would bring a lot of people into the town for grocery shopping etc.We travelled into Dungannon by bus. We left our school at approximately 9.30am. Once we arrived in Dungannon we were put into groups of two. The first thing we did was take a survey of the number of shops and services in the town. We walked through the main shopping area of Dungannon called Market Square, making a tally of the shops and services as we past them. We then continued along some streets of the town.These streets are as follows:* Irish Street* Church Street* William Street* John Street* Thomas Street* Scotch StreetThere is a map included in my Geography coursework and these streets in which I have surveyed are located in this map of Dungannon.The second main thing we done, was to go to our positions on the streets any carry out the investigation. These positions could be like Menarys, Boots chemist, Woolworths, Peacocks, Tescos, Birthdays and Sainsburys.As a class we took a sample of 100 people. The reason for this was that we could easily change our results into percentages. Whilst carrying out our questionnaire we asked every third person as this is what youre meant to do when doing a questionnaire to make your results more accurate.During the afternoon we repeated the above process in Coalisland. The streets in which we did out questionnaire on are:* Main Street* The Square* Dungannon Road* Lineside* Washingbay Road* Barrack Street.When we were carrying out the questionnaire we stood outside some shops such as Sulivans, The Jet, Spring Island, Mc Glincheys, Landis, Taxi service, The Charity Shop and so on.Whilst doing our investigation in each town we took some sketches and some pictures, showing how our investigation looked in process.Dungannon has a larger surface area and population than Coalisland.In this hypothesis my class and I want to find out two pieces of information about each of the towns we are studying, Dungannon and CoalislandThese two pieces of information are:1. Population of each town.2. Area of each town.The reason as to why I want this information is so that I can find out which of the two towns, Dungannon and Coalisland, will be further up the settlement hierarchy. I expect that for a town to be higher up the settlement hierarchy it would have to have a greater area and have a larger population than the other town. This would make it a more important town than the other. I expect that Dungannon would be higher up the settlement hierarchy as it would have far more shops and services in it, bringing a lot of people into the town whereas Coalisland would have fewer shops and services in it bringing less people into the town than in Dungannon.This information can be collected from secondary sources i.e. from the internet, books and the local council.I used a website called www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/ to help me obtain the information in which I need to find the population of each town. The website gives many statistics on local town, villages and cities that are in your area in Northern Ireland. A population census is also given within each of these towns. From this information I am able to observe the population for Dungannon and Coalisland in the 2001 census. The results are given as follows in the table below:Population t able for each townDungannonCoalisland11,1394,917I have displayed these population figures on a bar chart which is just below:Interpretation of resultsAfter observing the information from my bar chart you can clearly see that Dungannon obviously has a bigger population then Coalisland, by a large amount. Dungannon has a population of 11,139 people and Coalisland has a population of 4,917 people in the 2001 census.Area of Dungannon and CoalislandAs a class we came to the conclusion that we would expect that a town with a larger population (Dungannon: 11,139), would have a larger area than a town with a smaller population (Coalisland: 4,917), because there will be more shops, offices and houses etc in that town.MethodHow to find out the area of each townWe needed to find out the actual surface area of Dungannon and Coalislands town centre. In order to do this we needed individual maps of each of the two towns. We obtained planning maps from the Northern Ireland Planning Service in Omag h. These two maps are showing on pages and As you can see from the maps the boundary line it highlighted in a dark black line. The next step was to measure the area. To do this I got tracing paper and put it over the maps, I traced the boundary line and then placed it over a page with grid squares. After that I had to count the number of squares inside each of the boundary lines of each town. Using the scale on each map I was able to easily work out the area of each town centre. There calculations are given in the following tables.Results for Coalisland Town Centre Results of Dungannon Town CentreScale 1.5cm = 30metresMap scale = 3cm to 100mEach square = 100 x 100= 10,000m2Total squares = 48 full20 half (i.e. 10 full squares)= 48 + 10= 58 squaresArea = 58 x 10,000m2Area of DungannonTown = 580,000m2CentreTotal Squares = 168 full and 40 half.= 40/2= 20 full squares= 168 + 20= 188 full squares= 188 x 900m2= 169,200m2Area of CoalislandTown = 169,200m2CentreEach square = 30m x 30m = 9 00m2Summary TableTownArea in m2Dungannon580,000 m2Coalisland169,200 m2Interpretation of my resultsAs you can see by observation Dungannon has a larger area than Coalisland. My bar chart also tells you that Dungannon has even more than twice the area of Coalisland. The reason as to why Dungannon has a larger area than Coalisland is that it has a larger population. Dungannon has a population of 11,139 people and Coalisland has a population of 4,917 people. With Dungannon having such a large population of 11,139 people, it would have to have a very large surface area to serve its people. This are would include places for car parks, housing, shops and other services which help to provide the towns people with what they may need.This is exactly what I had expected and therefore it proved my hypothesis Dungannon has a larger surface area and population than Coalisland right.

Mp3

Mp3 Mp3s and the file sharing programs need to be kept free because of its availability, ease to get, use, play, put on a cd, and for the wonderful price of nothing once gotten off of Napster. In the beginning a couple of college kids worked on a science experiment on an idea that hadn't been tried completely before. Like Henry Ford, they put together the ability to make an amazing resource readily available, but unlike Henry Ford, they didn't profit. Although they didn't even profit, big companies accuse the mp3 sharing programs of stealing money and breaking down musical artists careers in just a couple months, and now people must fight to keep the dream of free unlimited music alive.Companies believe that the sales of cds and other forms of music will decrease rapidly and mp3s will destroy the record industry with free music. Instead the opposite happened, and in most places, nothing really changed.I have too many mp3s and files in my laptop, it's ...

Caucasion chalk circle

The chalk circle is a symbol of truth. Within the circle, all will be revealed. In the play, Azdak cannot come to a rational decision on who should have the child. His methods of justice are not by the Book of Statutes he sits upon. By putting the women in a circle and observing them act towards the child, he can see which woman is best for it. The circle levels the playing ground, removing the advantage of money or rank or history. There are no distractions to the problem or its solution. Azdak lets justice reveal itself. Similarly, the play opens with another circle of justice, when the members of the two communes sit together to decide who should have the valley. The Expert from the Government Reconstruction Commission is like Azdak, who announces the outcome but does not push; he observes. Within this friendly circle where the communes have equal social status, they can impartially decide the best use of the valley, and it is peacefully and mutually decided for the fruit growers. This circle symbol is reinforced by the Wheel of Fortune brought up by the Singer in Scene 2. He sings about the downfall of the Governor, who was so secure in his power and assumed he would always have it. â€Å"But long is not forever. / Oh Wheel of Fortune! Hope of the people! † (p. 15). This wheel of change is always turning and fits the Marxist message of the play. The Wheel celebrates the historical dialectic where the center of power is always shifting from one group or class to another. It is the hope of the people because eventually, this turning circle of fortune produces justice, as we see in the first scene. The first scene depicts the same landscape where the medieval civil war had taken place that we observe through the rest of the play. In the present time in Scene One, however, there is a socialist society that strives for fairness to all. Looking back, the people perform their own history and see how the Wheel of Justice kept moving until the people were free of their class bondage. When the artificial constructs of society are removed that favor the few, then it is clear who deserves what. Christian Symbolism Brecht often criticizes the Christian church as a tool to support the upper classes and keep the lower classes in their places. The historical church subverts the original teaching of Christ who treated all humans with respect. Brecht uses Christianity symbolically in this play, either to criticize religion, or else to transpose Christian rites into secular ceremonies of brotherhood. For instance, critics have pointed out use of the sacraments of the Catholic Church. The sacraments are the sacred ceremonies that convey God’s grace: Baptism, Communion, Confirmation, Penance, Matrimony, Holy Orders, and Extreme Unction (Last Rites or the Anointing of the Sick). In the play the first sacrament performed is the engagement of Simon and Grusha on Easter. He gives her a cross that belonged to his mother and asks her to wait for him. It symbolizes a true marriage. Later, the sacrament of marriage is made a farce when Grusha is forced into marrying Yussup, and he crudely tells her the purpose of marriage is for her to serve him in bed and in the fields. Simon on the other hand, stands by Grusha, â€Å"for better or worse. † When Grusha flees with Michael to the mountains, she finally decides he belongs to her and performs a Baptism, saying: â€Å"Ill wash you and christen you/ With glacier water† (Scene 3, p. 39). This is not the Church’s baptism but a human bond recognized by Grusha towards the child. At Jussup’s farm in the mountains, the drunken priest represents Holy Orders, and he performs a wedding and offers to do Extreme Unction on the groom. These rites are a parody of religion, but at the same time, they ensnare Grusha into the exploitive social structure that keeps her a slave. She is blackmailed into being respectable for the sake of the child. Another sacrament is Penance, comically performed by Azdak when he rushes into town with his confession that he let the Grand Duke escape. The sacrament of the Eucharist, or Communion, happens when Azdak shares wine with Granny and the bandit, Irakli. Finally, Brecht makes the fool Azdak into a type of Christ figure. He is beaten by the soldiers and almost hung, but is â€Å"resurrected† by the Grand Duke. The Singer says, â€Å"To feed the starving people/ He broke the laws like bread/ There on the seat of Justice/ With the gallows over his head . . . a poor man judged the poor† (Scene 5, p. 80). Azdak is no saint or supernatural figure. He is humane, performing acts humans can do, and is thus both hero and example. The Garden In Scene Two, Governor Abashvili is remodeling and enlarging his palace, in honor of his newborn son, whom he wants to carry on after him. He proposes to knock down the peasant shacks on the estate to do this. Natella says, â€Å"All these miserable slum houses are to be torn down to make room for a garden† (p. 11). This will be a garden for the privileged at the expense of the poor. The slum people are of no account as humans. In fact, in Scene Six, Natella complains about their smell, as if they were animals. Ironically, this same estate is confiscated for the state in Scene Six when Azdak declares it will be given to the people and made into a playground for children. He calls it â€Å"The Garden of Azdak† (p. This is a human Eden, and the Singer speaks of it as a brief â€Å"Golden Age† (p. 96). The garden is also evoked in Scene Three as Grusha is fleeing to the mountains. She meets a carriage of aristocratic women from the south, who stay at an inn. The innkeeper describes the beauty of the land to the ladies, saying, â€Å"We’re planting fruit trees there, a few cherries† (p. 28). He shows them farther away where the land gets more stony, and that is where the shepherds have their flocks. The ladies say, â€Å"You live in a fertile region† (p. He asks what their land is like, and they say they don’t know. They have not paid attention. This scene reinforces the first scene where the fruit growers and goat herders argue over the same valley. The common people have a relationship with the land and are contrasted to the aristocratic ladies who have not paid attention to the land at all. They are just trying to get through it to someplace else. The Rosa Luxemburg Commune wins the valley in the Prologue because they will make great orchards there, a garden for everyone. Making the land into a garden is the symbol of making the land productive and the sscene of social harmony and justice, so everyone can share the fruits. When the Abashvilis try to make a garden for themselves alone, there is only war and misery. The fact that it is Easter Sunday is thus the first of the many religious themes present in the play. For example, the fact that the Fat Prince is the Governors brother brings to mind the Biblical story of Cain and Abel. Grusha goes through ten developmental steps that start in this act. Each of these steps requires that she sacrifice a part of herself to Michael. She does this financially, emotionally, in terms of her promises to Simon, and in terms of her life. The first step occurs when she gives up her money for the child, paying two piasters for milk. The second is when she decides to go back for Michael after leaving him with the peasant woman. The third is when she hits the Ironshirt over the head. Four is when she adopts Michael, the helpless girl adopted the helpless child. Five is when she is offered the chance to leave the baby with the merchant woman so that she can cross the bridge and save herself. Six is when she risks her life and Michaels life to cross the bridge. The remaining developmental steps occur in the next act. This is almost a direct comparison of Azdak to Christ. Brecht will continue this comparison in the next act, when Azdak is killed, resurrected by the Grand Duke, and finally disappears. Theme Analysis Class Warfare The Grand Duke of Grusinia (Georgia) is involved in a foreign war in Persia when the play opens, yet the action focuses on the civil war at home caused by the coup of the Princes. While the aristocratic regimes come and go during the action of the play, the common people are always regarded as less than human. They suffer no matter who is in charge. The Singer uses Governor Abashvili who is executed by his brother, the Fat Prince, as a warning to other aristocrats: â€Å"Oh blindness of the great! They walk like gods/ Great over bent backs, sure/ Of hired fists, trusting/ In their power which has already lasted so long† (Scene One, p. 15). The soldiers or â€Å"hired fists,† like the Ironshirts, change loyalties with regimes and let themselves be used by the rich to persecute the poor. Simon Chachava is an exception to this, remaining loyal to the Duke. One of the most passionate denunciations of the upper classes is by the maid Grusha in Scene Six when she denounces Azdak the Judge and the justice system itself as a servant of the rich. She complains that the wealthy â€Å"drag our men into their wars† (p. 92). Simon’s memories of the war in Scene Four reinforce her complaint as he witnessed his brothers slain around him for the sake of the Duke’s cause. Grusha tries to disguise herself as an upper class lady when she escapes, but she is found out when she knows how to make beds. The women look at her hands and know she works for a living. The servant at the inn sympathizes with her, saying, it is hard to pretend to be â€Å"a lazy useless person . . . once they suspect you can wipe your own arse . . . the game’s up† (Scene Three, p. 32). Natella Abashvili becomes the stereotyped and heartless noble lady who can only run around picking out the right dresses to pack and berating the servants while her husband is being executed and her son is abandoned. In court, Natella’s notion of motherhood has to do with station. She wants her son back so they can be restored to their estate. She only notices what the child is wearing and is shocked to see him in rags. When Azdak asks Grusha if she wouldn’t like the child to be rich, she thinks to herself it is better for him to be poor than to mistreat the poor: â€Å"Hunger he will dread/ Not those who go unfed† (Scene 6, p. 94). He will not always have to be afraid of who is going to chop off his head, as was done to his father, because of a power struggle or because he was unjust to others. Human Sympathy What is it that can heal class divisions? The play answers that human sympathy makes everyone equally valuable. Grusha does not hate Michael because he is the son of the Governor, who oppresses everyone. She is won over because he is a baby, like any other: â€Å"He looks at you like a human being† (Scene 2, p. 23). When Grusha sits with the baby all night trying to consider what to do with it, she hears it call to her as if saying: â€Å"Don’t you know woman, that she who does not listen to a cry for help/ But passes by shutting her ears, will never hear/ The gentle call of a lover† (Scene 2, p. 24). When she risks her life for the child’s, the Singer asks, â€Å"How will the merciful escape the merciless/ The bloodhounds, the trappers? Grusha does get some sympathy along the highway. A peasant woman was willing to take the child until the Ironshirts came. The servant at the inn tried to give her food. The merchants wanted to help her cross the ravine or take the child so she could go on. Her brother gives her a roof for as long as he dares and arranges a marriage for her. Yussup takes in both her and the child without asking questions. She is given partial help but she is the one who has to sacrifice her whole life for Michael. The child would not have survived but for her. She wants to tell Simon this when he comes for her but only thinks it: â€Å"I had to tear myself to pieces for what was not mine/ But alien. / Someone must be the helper† (Scene 4, p. 60). Grusha deserves to be Michael’s mother because of what she passes on to him. From her, his inheritance will not be money or rank, but wisdom: â€Å"I’ve brought him up according to my best knowledge and conscience . . . I brought up the child to be friendly with everyone. And from the beginning, I taught him to work as well as he could† (Scene 6, pp. 88, 89). She wants him to treat others humanely, and that is a priceless gift for him and the future. Azdak recognizes this humanity in Grusha, demonstrated by her unselfish letting go of the child’s arm so she won’t hurt it. Azdak himself is the other great example of human sympathy as he risks his own life for two years to help the poor. It is a great and comic juggling act he performs with great humility. In the case of Granny, for instance, who claims the stolen cow, ham, and waiving of the rent were â€Å"miracles,† Azdak fines the farmers for not believing in miracles. He sits on the floor with Granny and the bandit, treating them as equals. He calls Granny â€Å"Little Mother† or â€Å"Mother Grusinia,† seeing her as the suffering poor. The Singer says, â€Å"So, so, so, so Azdak / Makes miracles come true† (Scene 5, p. 77). Miracles are not supernatural events for Brecht, but human acts. Justice The play uses the dilemma of the child, and the debate of the communes over the valley, to ask, what is Justice? Who should get the child? Who should get the land? Azdak the fool, who is made into a Judge, works his way through to an answer. It is not an expected or a ready-made answer, for, as the Singer comments, â€Å"Truth is a black cat/ In a windowless room at midnight/ and Justice a blind bat† (Scene 5, p. Justice will never come from â€Å"willing Judges† like Prince Kazbeki’s nephew ( Scene 5, p. 75). Azdak’s antics, such as demanding bribes in the court from the rich, comments on the accepted corruption. He says, â€Å"It’s good for Justice to do it in the open† as he moves around in a caravan among the people (Scene 5, p. 75). Everything he does or says satirizes the court system. He asks Grusha, â€Å"You want justice, but do you want to pay for it? When you go to the butcher, you know you have to pay (Scene 6, p. 91). The rich are used to equating money and rank with truth, but it is their truth, not impartial Justice. Out of Azdak’s comic theater in the courtroom, he creates a crazy logic so that the people who need help get it, despite the law. â€Å"His balances were crooked,† says the Singer (Scene 6, p. 77). Grusha, not understanding Azdak’s intent, scolds him for being corrupt. She claims that what would be true justice is to choose â€Å"only bloodsuckers and men who rape children† for judges as a punishment to make them â€Å"sit in judgment over their fellow men, which is worse than swinging from the gallows† (Scene 6, p. Judging is a punishment to an unjust man who will only blacken himself with hypocrisy. This is the justice the poor are used to. Azdak’s reply to her is, â€Å"I’ve noticed that you have a weak spot for justice† (Scene 6, p. 93). After Azdak rules in Grusha’s favor, the Singer states the principle of Justice that Azdak uses: â€Å"what there is shall belong to those who are good for it, thus/ The children to the maternal . . . the valley to the waterers† (Scene 6, p. 97). The play opens and closes with true justice served. Essay Questions What is Brecht’s concept of epic theater? Because Brecht was a Marxist, he did not like the classical Aristotelian concept of theater as a drama focusing on the story of individual characters. In traditional drama, the audience has a vicarious experience through identification with certain characters that ends with an emotional catharsis. The audience leaves with its personal experience of the drama and does not think about society as a whole. Brecht’s epic theater hopes to do the opposite—it increases the scope to let the audience witness, rather than identify with, the forces of history, and thereby creates a rational reflection on social conditions. Brecht wanted a critical response that would make spectators want to change the world. Theater should be a teaching and political forum. In order to create this new theater, Brecht breaks the dramatic illusion of reality. The spectators should be reminded they are watching a constructed play (such as the play within a play in Caucasian Chalk Circle), because they should understand that all reality is a human construct, and thus can be changed. One way to break the dramatic illusion is through the â€Å"alienation† or â€Å"defamiliarization† effect. The event portrayed is made strange in different ways, such as having characters address the audience directly, or by the use of harsh lighting, by having songs comment on the action, by using camera projections and signs, by speaking the stage directions aloud, or by having a narrator on stage. Brecht also uses what he called â€Å"separation of the elements,† in which the words, music, and sets are self-contained artistic expressions, combining to produce an overlapping montage rather than a unified effect. Brecht was influenced by the subject matter and techniques of Charlie Chaplin and Soviet filmmaker, Sergei Eisenstein. He learned the techniques of avant-garde theater from his mentor, Erwin Piscator. In addition, his epic theater expressed Marxist ideals by being a theater collective rather than the work of individuals. The playwright exchanged ideas with composers, artists, singers, and actors. Brecht wrote the text with such collaborators as Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Ruth Berlau, and Emil Burri. Brecht’s techniques have influenced other writers and filmmakers such as Peter Brook, Peter Weiss, Robert Bolt, Jean-Luc Godard, Nagisa Oshima, and Lars von Trier. How does Marxism influence The Caucasian Chalk Circle? Brecht was a Marxist, and his work reflects this philosophy, formulated by Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), the most famous statement of which is The Communist Manifesto (1848). Marxism is a materialist philosophy that denies any supernatural forces shaping human life. History is therefore a struggle between classes for the means of production and distribution of goods. Marx criticized capitalism as exploiting the workers, because ownership was in the hands of the few. The laborers have to sell their services to capitalists and are not given a fair share of what they themselves produce. Private ownership, Marx felt, must be abolished to create a fair society. Marx advocated revolution by the proletariat or workers against the bourgeoisie, or capitalists, to advance to the next stage of civilization in which the workers would dominate. He saw civilization evolving in stages (the historical dialectic): first, primitive or tribal communism; then slavery with an aristocracy; feudalism with peasants and lords; capitalism with bourgeosie and proletariat; socialism where private property was abolished; and finally, true communism where there would be no property and no supervising state. Inequality would be abolished for good. Exploitation is demonstrated in the play with Grusha and the other servants and peasants doing all the work, and the Governor and his wife doing nothing to contribute to society. The Marxist concept of alienation is demonstrated by the ruling classes losing their humanity or feeling of kinship with others. The Governor’s wife only sees her child as the means to get the inheritance. The ruling classes are contrasted with the common people who appear more human; the rulers seem monstrously selfish and insensitive. The military and the judges support the princes and governors. Even as the princes fight among themselves for power and create chaos with their wars, the common people suffer, and no government is better than another. According to Marxism, however, the forces of history are not static, and we hear of the revolt of the carpet weavers in Nukha in Scene Five. Their revolt is short-lived, but when Azdak becomes the Judge and rules in favor of the poor people, it predicts the time coming when the people will be victorious. What is the underlying structure of the play and what is the purpose of the prologue? Brecht uses a frame story in the prologue, where the workers of the Rosa Luxemburg Commune are putting on the Chalk Circle play. In the main drama, Brecht cobbled together two tales into one: part one sets up the chalk circle motif of the rival mothers derived from a fourteenth century Chinese play and the judgment of Solomon in the Bible (told in scenes 2-4, 6), and part two is Azdak’s story that resolves the dilemma (scenes 5-6), apparently derived from Brecht’s own imagination and folklore. There had already been a version of â€Å"The Chalk Circle† in German by Alfred Henschke (also known as Klabund) in 1925, which differed from Brecht’s by making the biological mother win the test. Brecht disliked Klabund’s sentimental tone and worked on his own revision of the story, experimenting with settings in Denmark and Germany, before choosing to set the story in medieval Georgia, with the prologue in Soviet Georgia, after World War II. At first, the frame story took place in 1934 without reference to the Nazis, but then, he moved the time of the frame story to after the war. Using Soviet Georgia as the frame in the prologue caused problems in the United States where the play was first performed in English during the Cold War. The play had to be performed without the prologue referring to the Soviet communes, leaving it as a mere retelling of the fables. Brecht felt this destroyed the play and thereafter the prologue was treated as a vital part rather than a tacked-on afterthought, as some claimed it was, to make the play more Communist. The prologue is necessary because it sets up the occasion for the telling of the chalk circle story, and Brecht wanted the setting to be a real one: â€Å"this parable-like play has got to be derived from real-life needs† (Notes by Brecht, p. 104). Brecht claimed that the fable the Singer tells the workers is not meant to be a literal parable. The two Communist collectives arguing over a piece of land solve their differences amicably without war before the play starts, and the story is a simply a celebration of their just decision. Brecht calls the prologue a â€Å"background† and the fable a â€Å"true narrative† that contains â€Å"a particular kind of wisdom† (Notes by Brecht, p. The Singer Arkadi says, â€Å"old and new wisdom mix very well† (sc. 1, p. 8). The foreground of the play (the chalk circle story) and the background of the play (the modern Soviet communes) come together to display the forces of history. The workers in present-day Soviet Georgia hear a tale about their ancestors in medieval Georgia who were exploited. The fair judging of Azdak in favor of the peasants foretells their own time of greater justice under the Soviet collective system. How are the characters of Grusha and Azdak important to the message of the play? Brecht comments on Grusha that she is a â€Å"sucker† (Notes by Brecht, p. 100) for taking on the child since it nearly costs her own life and dreams. Grusha, like the workers and peasants, only pays and pays and pays without getting anything back, for the child is not even hers. She is a â€Å"producer† who gets none of the fruits, like the proletariat. Brecht comments that Grusha does not expect justice from Azdak; she just wants â€Å"to go on producing, in other words to pay more† (p. 101). After the hearing, â€Å"She is no longer a sucker† (p. 101). Like the other poor people Azdak has helped, she gets back some of the fruits of her labor and gets back her self-respect. She is accepted by Simon, though she had to break her promise to wait for him, for the sake of the child. Their new family unit represents a constructed or just family that rejects the old prejudices and notions of ownership. The child is divorced from a mother that only wants to gain money from it and given to the woman who loves it. Grusha is divorced from the farmer who married her for his own convenience and given to a man who loves her. Simon takes on a woman and a child who are not technically â€Å"his† in the conventional sense, but he appreciates them and is the proper father and husband. This accords with the Marxist idea of economics and justice, of reassigning property and social roles to be more just and fair. It does not matter what went before or who has â€Å"owned† something in the past. On the other hand, Grusha has earned her reward. Brecht remarks that â€Å"Bit by bit, by making sacrifices, not least of herself, Grusha becomes transformed into a mother for the child† (p. 104). Like the people themselves who make sacrifices, suddenly the tide turns, as Marx predicts. Through small quantitative changes, there is a sudden qualitative change. This is the historical dialectic, the process of evolution, and the character of Azdak becomes the means for that to happen in the play. In every case he judges, there is a sudden shift from the side of the dominant landowner to the poor peasant. Azdak is the trickster figure who turns the law upside down. His Robin Hood justice is the Marxist kind that will be rendered by the sudden shift of history, illustrated by the carpet weaver’s revolution in Nukha. Brecht’s directions call for an actor who can portray â€Å"an utterly upright man† (p. 102) to play the part of Azdak. He is â€Å"a disappointed revolutionary posing as a human wreck, like Shakespeare’s wise men who act the fool† (p. 102). But, Brecht comments, â€Å"Azdak is the disappointed man who is not going to cause disappointment in others† (p. 105). He risks his life, like Grusha, to be human and to make a difference. That is the only way justice can come, Brecht insinuates. The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht Leave a reply The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Brecht uses epic theatre to bring forth an idea or meaning for the audience to consider while entertaining the audience. Epic theatre involves the use of alienation techniques to distance the viewer from the story but still concentrate on the overall meaning. The person who just views the story would likely take it as fantasy and not reach the true depth of the play. Brecht shocks the viewer by making the events and actions in the play â€Å"strange and abstract† this contrasts with dramatic plays where the audience sympathises and relates to the characters of the play. The theme throughout the play is natural justice versus class justice. The title has links to other parables and stories before it. The Chalk Circle, a Chinese play involved a legal action where the false claimant was granted custody due a bribe to claim her dead husbands estate. This however was overturned by the emperor, the guarantor of the law, in a retrial as the emperor was the father. This particular story is a whisper to the result of Grusha’s trial. The emperor is portrayed as the epitome of justice and gives a true verdict. The trial scene is also adapted from the parable of King Solomon. Solomon the paragon of justice and truth oversees the trial of two mothers, one child is dead the other alive, they seek custody of the alive child. The king asks the child to be cut in half, the real mother relinquishes her claim and thus gains custody of her rightful child. In these two whispers the law is shown to be equated with justice, however Brecht seeks to highlight that within Grusinia this is not the case and it takes a greedy Azdak who despises the upper classes to give a just Verdict. The class justice presented in the novel has close links to the Marxist view of the law, with the law serving all, but in reality it protects and secures the interests of the ruling classes. The play seeks to emphasise that within this class justice the poor can only gain justice under exceptional circumstances. Azdak as the judge and arbiter of justice has come to this position only through a matter of chances and mistakes. Firstly he harbours the Grand Duke from Shauva, then he confesses to the Ironshirts only to be made judge because the Duke escaped. Then through shear chance just before his execution the Duke redeems him and makes him judge, finally making him the arbiter of justice between Natasha Abashvilli and Grusha. This shows that the poor class can only get justice under a system of whims and extraordinary circumstances and that justice is intrinsically linked to a series of chances and not linked to the law as it should be in a feudal regime. Azdak finally decides in Grusha’s favour on the spur of the moment, the chalk circle is a real test, and it is through this test that Azdak decides the child’s fate. In order to entertain the audience, Brecht sought to keep the verdict in flux, keeping the audience in suspense as to the final outcome. Azdak although seen as the arbiter of justice between Natasha Abashvilli and Grusha is shown throughout the play as greedy and corrupt when dealing with the upper classes. The humour that Azdak displays toward the upper class is entertaining, he constantly refers to them as â€Å"arse-holes.. sows.. well-born stinkers. † This anal imagery is continued right through the novel. Azdak is so disgusted by the odours the upper classes emit that he occasionally â€Å"before passing judgement, I went out and sniffed the roses. † This helps Azdak give the verdicts he gives to the â€Å"monied classes† such as the Invalid, and the landowner. He swindles them into giving him money for a bribe then turns about and gives a contradicting verdict against the upper classes. This duplicity when passing judgement is seen by the audience but the lower classes see that for once the law is on their side. This is the final hint that Grusha will get the child, as she is good for the child and will continue to do good for the child, contrasting to Natasha Abashvilla’s intent to get the child only to keep her late husband’s estate. The singer sums up the meaning of the entire play, linking the prologue with the stories of Azdak and Grusha. â€Å"That what there is shall belong to those who are good for it, thus the children to the maternal, that they thrive; the carriages to good drivers, that they are driven well; and the valley to the waterers, that it shall bear fruit. † Brecht in the play seeks to highlight the difference between justice and the law within Grusinia. The feudal society, or Marxist society, is shown to have harder implications for the poor than the even distribution of wealth which is the main emphasis of the Marxist state. The Marxist law is not equated with justice for all rather justice for the upper classes, or class justice, where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

Research Methodology, Design & Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Research Methodology, Design & Process - Essay Example While the circumstances might seem extremely divergent, the necessity for speed and efficiency is universal to the healthcare profession and the ongoing need to increase the delivery of services at reduced cost. Thus, two commonly available drug treatment options are evaluated. SELECTION PROCESS In order to find articles of relevance, exhaustive searches of nursing journals, and surgical scientific journals were conducted to arrive at the two articles subject to critique. Same Day surgery and shock treatment are useful keywords. In some cases, when conducting extensive library research, online sources can easily supplement library searches beyond what can be achieved through the normal library reference system. If working in a library, a possible strategy is to identify the names of all journals that might possibly be relevant to the topic at hand, then using an online source to find the websites of those journals, as which time further searches can be conducted. Online searches of t he websites of technical journals can produce exact page numbers of articles relevant to any scientific topic, allowing the researcher to pinpoint the physical location of useful articles within the actual library. The articles chosen were felt to be highly relevant, both in terms of ongoing research and in regards to professional goals. CONTEMPORARY DAY SURGERY: PATIENTS' EXPERIENCE OF DISCHARGE AND RECOVERY Contemporary day surgery